Presentation slides and video time stamps
View the Making the most of your money course.
View the Investing with interest booklet.
Read the presentation slides for this webinar.
Time stamps for the video:
0:50 – Welcome, introductions, and warm-up
3:10 – Making the most of your money overview
12:57 – Demo
25:26 – Investing with interest overview
40:00 – Other resources
44:04 – Q&A
Handouts, slides and video time stamps
Read the presentation slides for this webinar.
Download the promotional postcard.
Download the promotional poster.
Time-stamps for the video recording:
1:26 – Welcome and introductions
3:30 – Our goals for today’s session
5:04 – Why these tools were created
7:12 – The Benefits Wayfinder and the Disability Benefits Compass
46:11 – Ways to use the Benefits Wayfinder – tax clinics
49:37 – Access to Benefits training available
This resource produced by Community Legal Education Ontario (CLEO) provides a list of free legal information about paying rent, eviction procedures and much more.
You worry about your family's physical, mental and spiritual health. You take care of yourself and make sure you and your family are healthy, safe and happy. Many people do not realize that you also need to be financially healthy. Financial wellness is understanding and managing your own money. Money is a big way that others control and influence our lives. Sometimes we need to depend on others to give us money and tell us what to do with money. Opening a bank account, understanding where your money is coming from, and saving money will help you to become financially independent and financially healthy. This report from The Native Women's Association of Canada covers the importance of financial health and has sections on financial information covering bank accounts, insurance, budgeting, saving, credit cards, car loans, income taxes and housing.
Managing money is challenging. In the current economic environment, it has become even more difficult. For people living on a low-income, managing the day-to-day expenses, let alone life changes or emergencies, can be overwhelming. Prosper Canada has created an online course that you can share or use with your clients to help them access tools and resources to support their daily money management. Making the most of your money is an easy-to-use, accessible, online course to help people living on a low income organize their finances and explore ways to increase the amount of money coming in and reduce what is going out. This interactive course has activities, videos, handouts and resources that are also downloadable.
The average Canadian tax return amount in 2023 is $2,072 and that money can go a long way when it comes to meeting your financial goals. But remember, this isn’t a cash windfall; it’s YOUR money that the government borrowed from you, so Credit Canada recommends using it for needs versus wants. More specifically, consider using it to help pay down your debt.
While your credit score is a number to quickly show how creditworthy you are, your credit report is more detailed. It covers your entire credit profile and includes information such as personal information, credit account (including credit cards, lines of credit, mortgages...), bankruptcies... Watch this video by Scotiabank to learn what a credit score is and why it matters. Then learn how to check your credit score for free in Canada. You may also learn how borrowing can impact your credit score. If you check your credit report and your credit score is low, follow these tips for how to help increase credit scores.
While there is no official definition of responsible or sustainable investing, many investors would like to adopt an investment approach that combines environmental, socials and governance (ESG) factors with traditional financial research. The Autorité des marchés financiers has compiled information about ESG factors, the challenges of investing while taking ESG factors into account.
CPA Canada has a selection of money management worksheets you can use with your clients. Goal Setting Financial Fitness Self-Assessment Values Validator Monthly Budget for Teens Role Model Self-Assessment Document Organizer Cash Flow Organizer Net Worth Worksheet Post-Secondary Student Budget
Set SMART goals that are specific, measurable, action-oriented, realistic, time-framed.
Determine how well you are currently managing your finances.
Determine the things in life that are most important to you.
Help teenagers living at home create a monthly budget.
Determine what kind of financial role model you are.
Organize your documents in preparation for filing your taxes.
Get a clear picture of your cash flow — what is coming in and what is going out
Get a snapshot of what you own (your assets) and what you owe (your liabilities)
This worksheet will help students accurately estimate the total budget they need
CPA Canada developed the Financial Wellness Guide to help you understand money basics. Complete the online questionnaire to get straightforward tools and information, based on your financial situation, that will help you with your financial goals.
Brought to you from CPA Canada, this financial literacy podcast talks about key issues, trends and tips as they relate to financial education. Season 7 of the Mastering Money podcast takes a deep dive into debt and the way it affects Canadians. Season 6 of the Mastering Money podcast will help prepare you for retirement and give you the tools to get there, no matter your age. Season 5 of the Mastering Money podcast unpacks the hard financial conversations you need to be having with your kids, partners, financial planners and more. Season 4 of the Mastering Money podcast explores the role money plays in the lives of women from all walks of life, now and in the future. Season 3 of the Mastering Money podcast looks at the difficult financial decisions Canadians are making during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Season 2 of the podcast takes listeners on a journey across various financial literacy hot topics and trends. These include how to fit financial literacy into existing programs, the financial health of future generations as well what it takes to take the plunge and start your own business. In this introductory season of the podcast, hear from financial educators on topics such as behavioral economics, the emotions of money, financial wellness, and more.
A comprehensive learning program that provides basic information and tools to help adults manage their personal finances and gain the confidence they need to make better financial decisions. Learn more about the program and how to use the learning modules.
There are many reasons why someone might be struggling financially. Job loss, health challenges, or a sudden financial emergency could cause hardship, preventing someone from staying afloat. In times like these, it’s not uncommon for someone to ask for help from friends or family. Before agreeing to help, make sure you will not be putting your own financial future at risk.
Using data primarily from the 2021 Canadian Housing Survey, this study applies a gender lens to examine the characteristics of Canadians living in subsidized housing. It examines the experiences of renters in subsidized housing and their satisfaction with their dwelling and neighbourhood, drawing comparisons with their counterparts living in non-subsidized rental housing.
A new study by national charity Prosper Canada, undertaken with funding support from Co-operators, finds that Canadians with low incomes are increasingly financially vulnerable but lack access to the financial help they need to rebuild their financial health. The report, shows that affordable, appropriate and trustworthy financial help for people with low incomes is a critical but missing piece in Canada's financial services landscape. People with low incomes are unlikely to find help when they need it to plan financially, develop and adhere to a budget, set and pursue saving goals, file their taxes outside of tax season, and access income benefits. Executive summary: Canada's financial help gap L’aide qui manque pour ceux qui en ont le plus besoin Sommaire Exécutif: L’écart en matière d’aide financière au Canada
During the income tax filing season, scammers pose as representatives of the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) in an attempt to trick you into sending payment for fictitious "debts" or into providing sensitive personal information that they can use to commit fraud. Learn more on how to spot tax season scams and what to do if you are the victim of fraud.
Teachers may incorporate two gamified financial literacy courses that are currently freely available into their lessons. Students can now access two age-appropriate courses designed to help boost students' financial knowledge and confidence at any stage of their financial journey. Course titles: Students will explore resources and tools on the FCAC website that they will be able to use well beyond high school. *Students can earn a completion certificate issued by the FCAC and ChatterHigh!
Women’s shelters are often the first point of contact for victim-survivors fleeing abusive relationships. Therefore, safety and shelter are logically at the forefront of staff members’ immediate concerns. Once the victim-survivor is in a place of safety, it is crucial to explore the patterns of abuse the person has experienced. Economic security is an often overlooked pattern of abuse linked to physical safety. It is, therefore, crucial and the goal of this screening tool for shelter workers to identify potential Economic and Financial Abuse amongst their clients and to assist victim-survivors in accessing essential economic resources. Watch the webinar: Recognizing and responding to economic abuse; empowering survivors to thrive and succeed.
In 2022, the Consumer Price Index rose 6.8%, the highest increase since 1982 (+10.9%). Prices for day-to-day goods and services such as transportation (+10.6%), food (+8.9%) and shelter (+6.9%) rose the most. Canadians felt the impact of rising prices. Data from the Canadian Social Survey (CSS) show that the share of persons aged 15 and older living in a household experiencing difficulty meeting its necessary expenses trended upward from just under one-fifth (19%) in the summer of 2021 to just under one-quarter (24%) in the summer of 2022. By the end of 2022, more than one-third (35%) of the population lived in such a household.
There are many good reasons to keep up to date on your tax filing each year. You may file a tax return even if you don’t have any income. It could help you access certain refundable tax credits and other benefits.
Discover a new quiz site to help Canadians and Canadian small businesses protect against phishing scams. The Canadian Bankers Association has created four quizzes for Canadians to learn more about cyber fraud and how to prevent becoming a victim. Quiz #2: Social engineering: a peek behind the curtain Quiz # 3: Protecting your small business from phishing attacks Quiz #4: How to protect yourself and others
Test your knowledge on fraud prevention by answering these 11 questions.
Soaring with savings - Tips and tools to help you save
SWS Worksheet #1 – The importance of saving (Fillable PDF)
SWS Worksheet #2 – Create a savings goal (Fillable PDF)
SWS Worksheet #3 – Savings support network (Fillable PDF)
SWS Worksheet #4 – Saving for emergencies (Fillable PDF)
SWS Worksheet #5 – Saving for unstable income (Fillable PDF)
SWS Worksheet #6 – Saving for education (Fillable PDF)
SWS Worksheet #7 – Saving for retirement (Fillable PDF)
Soaring with Savings- Full booklet
Soaring with savings - Training tools
Encourager l’épargne - Conseils et outils pour vous aider à épargner
Encourager l’épargne - l’aide d’animation
Ressources
CELI calculatrice, La Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
REER, La Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Investir et épargner pendant une récession, La Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Dealing with debt: Tips and tools to help you manage your debt
Dealing with debt – About this resource
DWD Worksheet #1 – Your money priorities – Fillable PDF
DWD Worksheet #2: What do I owe? – Fillable PDF
DWD Worksheet #3: Making a debt action plan – Fillable PDF
DWD Worksheet #4: Tracking fluctuating expenses – Fillable PDF
DWD Worksheet #5: Making a spending plan – Fillable PDF including calculations
DWD Worksheet #6: Your credit report and credit score – Fillable PDF
DWD Worksheet #7: Know your rights and options
Dealing with debt – Full booklet
Dealing with debt: Training tools
Resources
Managing debt , Ontario Securities Commission
Options you can trust to help you with your debt, Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy Canada
Debt advisory marketplace/ consumer awareness, Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy Canada
Gestion de la dette: Conseils et outils pour vous aider à gérer votre dette
01 – Vos priorités financières
02 – Combien ai-je de dettes?
03 – Faire un plan d’action
04 – Suivi des dépenses variables
05 – Faire un plan de dépense
06 – Dossier de crédit et cote de solvabilité
07 – Connaître nos droits et nos options
Ressources : Pour en savoir plus
Gestion de la dette : Livret complet
Ressources
Gestion de la dette, La Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Des options fiables pour vous aider avec vos dettes, Bureau du surintendant des faillites
Marché des services-conseils en redressement financier et sensibilisation des consommateurs, Bureau du surintendant des faillites
In 2014, a group of non-retired Canadians aged 55 or older was asked about their financial expectations for retirement. New data from 2020 reveal how this same group of Canadians - now retired- is doing financially.
Investing with interest: tips and tools for maximizing your savings
IWI – Worksheet #1: What do you want to save for?
IWI – Worksheet #2: Tracking your income and expenses
IWI- Worksheet #3: Are you ready to invest?
IWI- Worksheet #4: What can you invest in?
IWI-Worksheet #5: Where can you get advice?
IWI-Worksheet #6: Watch out for investment frauds and scams
IWI-Worksheet #7: Tips for success
Resources
Crypto Quiz, OSC
Grandparent scams and how to avoid them, OSC
Compound interest calculator, OSC
Emergency fund calculator, OSC
Tips to keep your credit card safe, OSC
Investment products, OSC
Types of fraud, OSC
Multilingual financial resources for Ontarians, OSC
Pay down debt or invest tool, OSC
Reporting fraud, OSC
Introduction to investing, OSC
Scam spotter tool, OSC
Your trusted person and why they matter, OSC
Getting Your Money Back; An Investor’s Guide to Navigating Canada’s Complaint System, FAIR Canada
Study explores Canadian attitudes about Crypto, OSC
How the stock market works, OSC
The basics of personal finance, Credit Canada
L’intérêt d’investir: Conseils et outils pour maximiser votre épargne
Ressources
Questionnaire sur les cryptoactifs, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Les arnaques des grands-parents et comment les éviter, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Calculatrice épargne REER, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Calculatrice intérêts composés, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Calculatrice fonds d’urgence, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Astuces pour garder votre carte de crédit en toute sécurité, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Produits d’investissement, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Types de fraude, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Ressources financières multilingues pour les Ontariennes et les Ontariens, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Calculatrice rembourser des dettes ou investir, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Signaler une escroquerie, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Planification de la retraite, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Questionnaire préparation des investisseurs, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Introduction au placement, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Outil détecteur d’escroquerie, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Votre personne de confiance et les raisons qui expliquent son importance, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Une étude explore les attitudes des Canadiens à l’égard de la cryptomonnaie, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
Le fonctionnement de la bourse, Commission des valeurs mobilières de l’Ontario
The CRA has compiled benefits and credits factsheets for: These are available in English and French.
If you have a complaint, it is important you fully understand your rights, so that you don’t feel taken advantage of during the process. After reading the guide, you will:
● Know how and who to contact when you first make a complaint.
● Understand your basic rights during the process, including how much time your bank or investment firm has to resolve your complaint.
● Know when and where to bring your complaint, if you are not satisfied with your bank’s or investment firm’s response.
● Learn what other options may be available to you, if you are still not happy with the outcome.
● Be aware of time limits that may affect you.
The Financial Consumer Agency of Canada’s (FCAC) COVID-19 Financial Well-being Survey, which began in August 2020, is a nationally representative hybrid online-phone survey fielded monthly, with approximately 1,000 respondents per month. The survey collects information on Canadians’ day-to-day financial management and financial well-being. As of September 2022, the survey results show that over the past several months, financial hardships have increased for many Canadians due to the rapidly evolving economic environment. While financial vulnerability can affect anyone regardless of income, background or education, hardships have increased more for those living on a low income, Indigenous peoples, recent immigrants, and women, due to the disproportionate financial impact of the pandemic on these groups (households with low income, Indigenous people, new immigrants, and women.) This brief report provides an overview of survey results collected between August 2020 and September 2022. In publishing this report, FCAC’s goal is to provide insight into the financial well-being of Canadians, to identify which groups are experiencing greater vulnerabilities and hardships, and to inform and target our collective response as financial ecosystem stakeholders.
The Canada workers benefit (CWB) is a refundable tax credit to help individuals and families who are working and earning a low income. The CWB has two parts: a basic amount and a disability supplement. You can claim the CWB when you file your income tax return. Learn more including eligibility requirements, how to apply and how much you can expect to receive by clicking on the Get It button below.
Confused about whether to contribute to an RRSP or TFSA? Both offer tax advantages to help you reach your savings goals. If you need to choose between the two, you can learn about the differences in this article by the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC).
A Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) can help you save for retirement while also saving at tax time — or even getting a rebate. The articles from the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) can help you understand more about opening, contributing to, and withdrawing from an RRSP.
This study uses the 2022 Portrait of Canadian Society Survey to examine the impact of rising inflation on the lowest income Canadians. Using multiple pre-pandemic data sources, the study takes a closer look at people living in the bottom family income quintile, examining their family income, debt and assets levels, as well as some indicators of economic hardship.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose 6.8% on an annual average basis in 2022, following gains of 3.4% in 2021 and of 0.7% in 2020. The increase in 2022 was a 40-year high, the largest increase since 1982 (+10.9%). Excluding energy, the annual average CPI rose 5.7% in 2022 compared with 2.4% in 2021. Price increases were broad-based in 2022, with prices up on an annual average basis in all eight major components. Canadians felt the impact of inflation, as prices for day-to-day basics such as transportation (+10.6%), food (+8.9%) and shelter (+6.9%) rose the most. Both goods and services prices rose at a faster pace compared with a year earlier. Prices for goods were up 8.7% on an annual average basis in 2022, led by higher prices for non-durable goods such as food purchased from stores (+9.8%) and gasoline (+28.5%). Prices for services increased 5.0% in 2022, led by homeowners' replacement cost (+9.5%) and other owned accommodation expenses (+10.0%). Year-over-year price growth accelerated each month in the first half of the year, reaching a high of 8.1% in June, and slowed in the second half of the year.
Presentation slides and video time stamps
Read the presentation slides for this webinar.
Time stamps for the video recording:
Banks offer extensive information on how newcomers to Canada can get started in their new country, including checklists, information, financial services and advice. Here is some basic information to get you started. A list of bank resources at the end of this article may also help with the financial transition to Canada.
In response to Canada's Anti-Racism Strategy, Statistics Canada's Centre for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics is releasing a second set of five data tables on social inclusion. Over 20 new indicators, for a total of over 120 indicators, can now be used to examine various socioeconomic facets of racialized Canadians.
Money Matters is a free introductory financial literacy program for adult learners that has been delivered to Canadians since 2011 and has reached over 80,000 adults. It was developed by ABC Life Literacy Canada in partnership with the Government of Canada and TD Bank Group and was designed by literacy practitioners. The newly released resources as part of the Money Matters program are:
Managing your finances means finding the right balance. Inflation and higher interest rates signal that you may need to adjust your budget to find the right balance between daily spending and paying down debt. The right balance will depend on your financial situation and goals. This selection of tools from the FCAC provides information and tips on: How to manage your money when interest rates rise Make a plan to pay off your debt
The Annual Report by the Office of the taxpayer's ombudsman provides key achievements, identifies Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) service issues and outlines trends in complaints. In addition, the report includes three recommendations to the Minister of National Revenue and the Chair of the Board of Management to improve the CRA’s service to Canadians.
Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario commissioned a research study that focused on consumer attitudes, how consumers are engaging with financial services, and consumer characteristics such as vulnerability. Insights from the research are allowing FSRA to better understand the realities of consumers’ changing financial lives and helping to identify key opportunities to respond to the needs of vulnerable consumers. 2022 Consumer Research Study highlights. 2022 Consumer Research Study full report
An infographic from Statistics Canada highlighting the advances made in reaching Goal 10, reducing inequalities, of the sustainable development goals.
Use this calculator by the Ontario Securities Commission to estimate your positive or negative monthly cash flow.
The Angus Reid institute reported from a recent study that 50% of Canadians couldn’t manage an unexpected expense of $1000 or more. In the same study, when Albertans were asked what they would do with a surprise bonus or gift of $5000, 46% said they would use it to pay down debt. Only 41% said they would put it in savings or invest it. With inflation as high as it has been in over 40 years, saving money is becoming increasingly difficult for some. This article lists ten frugal habits to help you save.
The Association of Canadian Pension Management (ACPM) launched its new Retirement Savings Course to empower Canadians wishing to learn the basics of retirement savings and to foster awareness of the importance of retirement income savings at any age. Course highlights: The free course will provide you an overview of the building blocks of retirement savings and insight into the role that government pensions and workplace pension plans may have for your future or that of those you care about.
Your credit card can help you make purchases quickly without needing to have cash on hand. Follow these tips by the Ontario Securities Commission to use your credit card safely.
One of the consequences of social distancing and other restrictions, during the pandemic, such as those on business operating hours, is that consumers spent more of their time searching for information, shopping, and streaming entertainment on-line. With more free time on their hands and money in the bank, a larger percentage of the population took up an interest in investing, often through on-line brokerage platforms or in the cryptoasset markets. Because consumers have been spending more time on-line since the start of the pandemic, they have been more exposed to on-line fraud. In addition to phishing and malware, consumers are dealing with known scams but in digital form, often on social media. For some consumers, the evergrowing number of reliable and accessible information sources could lead to information overload, also known as “infobesity, where there is so much information that the consumer cannot process it all. Infobesity can lead to decision paralysis. In this paper the AMF make the most of their 360-degree view on the financial industry’s digital transformation to review the main changes that occurred in each of their areas of focus, describe the risk of digitalization for the consumers of financial products and services and present the potential opportunities that have been identified to mitigate these risks.
Canada’s tax system has a punitive impact on lower income families with children hoping to earn more money, according to a new report from the C.D. Howe Institute. In “Softening the Bite: The Impact of Benefit Clawbacks on Low-Income Families and How to Reduce It,” authors Alex Laurin and Nicholas Dahir reveal how benefit reductions serve as hidden tax rates and reduce the effective gain from working to generate additional income. Read full report here.
Presentation slides, handouts, and video time-stamps
Read the presentation slides for this webinar.
Download the Overview of Financial vulnerability of Low-Income Canadians: A Rising Tide
Time-stamps for the video recording:
00:00 – Start
6:05 – Agenda and Introductions
8:24 – Overview of Financial vulnerability, of low-income Canadians: A rising tide (Speaker: Eloise Duncan)
25:40 – Panel discussion: how increasing financial vulnerability is playing out in community and how policy makers should respond.
45:35 – Q&A
The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) published the results of a survey assessing Canadian investors’ financial literacy. As individuals take on more responsibility for their own investing, it is essential that they have enough financial knowledge to effectively participate in Canada’s capital markets. Investors’ knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviours are all contributors to having a successful investing journey.
Saving for your child’s education can be difficult, especially if you are trying to save for multiple goals or pay down debt at the same time. The federal government offers contributions to your child’s Registered Education Savings Program (RESP) through its grant programs: the Canada Education Savings Grant (CESG) and the Canada Learning Bond (CLB).
When inflation rates go up, it can be tempting to look for ways to grow your money at rates higher than the rate of inflation. Investing can feel more appealing than the average savings account. While it’s important to stay the course on your investing goals, don’t neglect your savings. There are many reasons why a savings account is still worth tending to, even during tough times. If you’re making ends meet and still have extra to put aside, keep these tips in mind.
Use this calculator to see how changes to your spending habits can impact your budget and help you save more of your money.
It pays to make saving a habit. Look for easy ways to build saving into your life and to make it automatic.
Managing debt doesn't have to be overwhelming. These tips and tools from the Ontario Securities commission can help you borrow wisely and pay off debt more quickly.
Are you considering investing in crypto assets, but aren’t sure whether it’s right for you, legal or just a scam? Test your crypto knowledge and learn how to spot the warning signs of fraud using OSC's quiz.
Take this self-assessment quiz to figure out how your financial literacy skills and knowledge measure up compared to other Canadians.
Most people know a little about investing, but they need to know more to be able to manage their investments to meet their goals. Try this quiz by the FCAC to see if your knowledge is basic or more advanced.
Before you start investing, it is important to consider your budget and financial goals, and how much risk you are comfortable taking on. Like many things in life, investing comes with its own share of risks and rewards. You can do this on your own or with the help of an advisor.
This report provides a call to action for more targeted support from policymakers, financial institutions and community non profit organizations for low-income households and Canadian households who are more financially vulnerable. This is particularly important given inequities, systemic barriers and challenges many of these households face, along with difficulties in accessing financial help.
Learn more about fraud in this latest set of videos by the Ontario Securities Commission.
Daily aspects of Canadians' lives are increasingly touched by digital technology, and access to high-speed Internet has become an essential service and a key driver for improving our economic and social well-being. The Government of Canada originally announced Connecting Families in Budget 2017 to help bridge the digital divide for Canadian families who struggled to afford access to home Internet. Learn more about the next phase of this initiative.
Just because someone has a lot of followers doesn’t mean their advice is right for you. Social media influencers are increasingly sharing information about investing. This can be done by ordinary people or by celebrities who have taken an interest in a specific product or investment. They are often called “finfluencers” — financial influencers whose media accounts are focused on money and investing. This article will outline some questions to ask yourself before you choose to invest.
If a recession seems likely, consider how your investing and savings plans may be affected. Increases in the cost of living and borrowing, combined with the overall financial uncertainty over the impact of a potential recession, can be enough to cause personal and financial stress. There is no single best way to respond to such times.